Abstract:
Spalling of concrete is a common phenomenon in reinforced concrete structures subjected to
fire. As there are both macroscopic and microscopic factors involved, studying the behaviour
of concrete spalling in fire is complicated. Permeability, pore pressures, moisture content,
heating rate, and concrete type have been identified as contributing factors that influence
concrete spalling in fire. Various experimental studies have been conducted to identify the
behaviour of concrete spalling in fire. However, there is no exact method to determine spalling
depth without conducting fire tests. Reduced cross-section and exposed reinforcement in a
structural member due to spalling would significantly affect the overall stability of the
structure.
This research study presents a macroscopic finite element model to predict the spalling
behaviour of concrete in a fire. The behaviour of concrete at elevated temperatures was
modelled using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model, and temperature-induced
transient creep strain in concrete is explicitly accounted for in the analysis, which is more
representative of fire-exposed concrete structures. The finite element analysis program,
ABAQUS, was used to model the reinforced concrete walls subjected to load and exposed to
hydrocarbon fire. A nonlinear finite element analysis model for the rectangular concrete
specimens was analysed using a sequential approach composed of a pure heat transfer analysis
followed by a pure mechanical analysis. Thermal and mechanical responses of the model were
validated using results obtained through fire tests conducted at the University of Melbourne.
The developed finite element model was used to assess the effect of reinforcement
concentration and clear cover on concrete spalling in a fire.
Based on the results from the developed finite element model, it is evident that reinforced
concrete with large cover thickness has a higher tendency to spall out in fire and also, cover to
reinforcement has a major impact on the spalling of concrete. In addition, previous researchers
have also experimentally identified that when the clear cover to reinforcement exceeds 40 mm,
the spalling depth seems to have a greater tendency to become serious. It happens because the
mass of concrete without support is significant. Other than that, it can be concluded that the
concentration of reinforcement also has a minor impact on the spalling of concrete. Based on
the above results, it is evident that densely reinforced concrete walls have a higher tendency to
spall out in fire when the reinforcement spacing is less than 100 mm. It happens because of
high thermal expansion and higher heat transfer rate through the structure. Further
enhancements that can be used to improve the accuracy and reliability of the model are
discussed.
