Abstract:
Ancient buildings stand as timeless witnesses to human architectural prowess, and their
adaptability to local climate conditions is a testament to sustainable design principles. This
research paper investigates energy efficiency techniques in ancient buildings in Sri Lanka by
focusing on maintaining optimal thermal comfort. By examining historical structures in Sri
Lanka, this study unveils the ingenious strategies employed by our ancestors to achieve optimal
indoor comfort naturally without an external power source such as electricity.A comprehensive
literature review was conducted as the first step to examine the scientific behaviour of the
design intervention and strategies used in ancient and vernacular architecture. Then, various
energy-efficient techniques ingeniously integrated into building design were meticulously
examined. This exploration was conducted through a comprehensive analysis of four case
studies, namely, ancient mansions - Ehelapola walawwa, Ekneligoda walawwa, Warawala
walawwa, and Maduwanwela walawwa, representing architectural achievements of ancient Sri
Lankan civilisations. The focus of this investigation encompasses passive cooling strategies,
such as natural ventilation, shading devices, thermal mass utilisation, and orientation
optimisation. Furthermore, incorporating traditional materials such as wattle and daub, clay,
and cow dung, which possess inherent thermal properties contributing to heightened comfort,
was investigated.
Research findings highlight the seamless integration of architecture and lifestyle, where
courtyards, windcatchers, and underground spaces serve both functional and climatic purposes.
Also, the paper offers insights into the adaptability of historical solutions in modern sustainable
design. The findings underscore the potential for incorporating traditional techniques into
current architectural discourse, fostering a more harmonious relationship between occupants,
built environment, and energy consumption. To enhance thermal comfort in modern building
designs, incorporating ancient features such as thick brick walls, high plinth levels, and natural
ventilation can be considered. Ancient natural ventilation features encompass strategically
placed windows, vents, and airflow paths, all contributing to improved indoor air circulation.
Wall materials such as clay, stone, wattle and daub, and cow dung reduce heat transfer to the
inside. Additionally, the veranda was an essential element in ancient mansions. This natural
ventilation mechanism helps to maintain indoor air quality and remove pollutants, thus
reducing energy consumption in buildings. Furthermore, integrating internal courtyards or
atriums into modern building designs can improve natural lighting, airflow, and ventilation.
In conclusion, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of energy efficiency
strategies embedded in ancient buildings of Sri Lanka, revealing valuable insights that can
guide contemporary architectural practices. By recognising the invaluable lessons imparted by
our architectural heritage, architects and designers can navigate modern sustainability
challenges while celebrating our predecessors' ingenious achievements.