Abstract:
Coulomb (1776) introduced the first method to calculate the lateral earth pressure acting on
retaining walls. Rankine theory was introduced as a result of improving the previous work
(Rankine, 1857). Many methods are currently used to evaluate the earth pressure distributions
of the retaining wall and the prop forces of the support system used in deep excavations. The
Apparent earth Pressure Diagram (APD) and Distributed Prop Load method (DPL) introduced
by Terzaghi, K. & Peck (1967) and Twine and Roscoe (1999) are the most widely used
empirical methods to calculate the earth pressure distributions and prop forces acting on multipropped
retaining walls.
Finite element modelling has become the most widely used feature with rapid
technological advancement. Studies have found that soil stiffness is the parameter that
has the dominant control over ground movement induced by deep excavation. Elastic
modulus (E50), unloading-reloading modulus (Eur), and tangent modulus (E0) are the
most widely used soil stiffness parameters in design work.
This study suggests recommendations for selecting appropriate parameters and correct
modelling procedures in the FEM of deep excavations using measured field data using twodimensional
analysis. Previous studies indicate that the elastic modulus (E50) of the soil can be
increased several times to obtain the unloading-reloading stiffness (Eur) of the soil during deep
excavation. The back analysis technique is commonly used in studies to calibrate the
critical parameters to minimize the deviation between numerically computed results and
field observation results. Back analysis was used to calibrate the elastic modulus of the soil
by comparing the lateral wall deformation profile obtained from the FEM software with
inclinometer readings acquired from the excavation site. Prop force and earth pressure
distribution results obtained from FE analysis were compared with Peck and DPL methods
considering sandy and clayey soil.
Prop forces from the numerical model were compared with those from different empirical
methods commonly used to estimate prop forces on multi-propped retaining structures. The
study highlights that the elastic modulus (E50) values derived from the SPT N data can be
multiplied by 2 to 4 times to obtain the unloading-reloading modulus (Eur) value that would
reasonably predict the wall movement in the FE analysis. As the depth of excavation increases,
the lateral deformation was underestimated mainly due to the impact of the corner effects.
Considering sandy soil, both Peck and DPL methods produced higher prop force values for the
first prop level, while the second and third prop levels had lower values compared to the results
of the numerical analysis. The lower earth pressure distribution obtained from the DPL and
Peck methods compared to the earth pressure distribution of the FE analysis caused this result.
